Worker Killed by Reversing High-Lift Truck

A worker was knocked down and run over by a reversing high-lift truck¹ at night. According to the co-worker, both of them were walking back to their workplace after taking a break near the premises’ loading/unloading bay. The worker was pronounced dead by attending paramedics half an hour later (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Worker hit by reversing high-lift truck while returning to work

Recommendations:

1. Risk assessment: A risk assessment (RA) must be carried out by experienced and knowledgeable persons before starting any work. Through the risk assessment, employers and workers can identify hazards and take appropriate actions to eliminate the hazards or reduce the risks involved. For workplace that involves heavy vehicles, RA must be conducted for:

a. arrival and departure of such vehicles;
b. vehicular traffic within the worksite; and
c. loading, unloading and securing of loads.

In this incident, the RA would include the reversing of heavy vehicles towards loading/unloading bay.

2. Ensure adequate lighting: The risks of injuries are higher in poorly lit areas. Adequate lighting should be provided to enhance the visibility on all roads, passages within the worksite and access routes to worksite.

3. Establish a traffic management plan: A proper traffic management system should be established for the worksite. It is important to provide separate and clearly marked routes for pedestrians. Appropriate barriers or guard rails should be erected in hazardous locations such as building entrances, exits, corners or bends.

4. Ensure safety awareness among workers: All drivers should be briefed regularly on worksite’s safety information such as:

a. route layout;
b. traffic rules/regulations at the worksite;
c. safety procedures for:

Additionally, all workers should be constantly reminded on appropriate safety and health information such as:

a.specific routes for pedestrian;
b. types of vehicle and equipment on site;
c. specific hazards; and
d. information on concurrent work activities on site.

Quality Management System Model

Environmental Management System Model

Occupational Safety and Health Management System Model

Worker Killed by Collapsed Brick Wall During Demolition

A worker was standing adjacent to an L-shaped brickwall, which was to be demolished. The two lengths of the wall were connected by a reinforced concrete tie beam. While a mini excavator breaker was clearing debris from the base of the wall, the wall in front of the excavator collapsed outwards. The connecting tie beam then pulled down the other adjoining wall, causing it to topple inwards. The falling wall struck the worker standing next to it and pinned him under. The worker was brought to the hospital but he subsequently succumbed to his injuries. Initial investigations revealed that the wall might not be adequately anchored into its foundation.

Recommendations*

1. Conduct risk assessment: Prior to the commencement of work, a risk assessment should be carried out to determine the potential hazards and risks that might arise during the demolition work. Control measures and safe work procedures must be established to mitigate the risks, and be communicated and implemented to ensure the safety and health of the workers involved. The key hazard in this case was the wall that destabilised during the demolition works.

2. Cordon off wall/structures to be demolished: Personnel not directly involved in the works should not be allowed in close proximity with any walls or structures that are scheduled to be demolished; Working areas should be cordoned off.

3. Use props or wire ties: Whenever the stability of the walls/structures being demolished are in doubt, props and wire ties should be used to support the structure prior to and during the demolition.

4. Deploy trained personnel: Personnel operating machinery or equipment should be properly trained and should posses appropriate certifications. Checks should be carried out by the management team to ensure that all workers and operators are properly trained and certified to carry out the works assigned to them.

Worker Fell while Plastering Wall at the Ledge of Balcony

In this incident, a worker was found dead on the ground floor of a construction site. Preliminary investigations revealed that the worker was carrying out plastering works at the balcony area within a unit on the 17th storey. The worker was found without any fall protection equipment and it was suspected that the worker fell from the edge of the balcony and landed on the ground. The guardrails that were installed were dislodged at one end.

A similar incident had occurred earlier this year. A worker carrying out plastering work on the external wall of an air conditioning ledge fell to his death from the 9th floor of a building.

Recommendations*

1. Conduct risk Assessment: A risk assessment must be carried out by experienced and knowledgeable persons before starting any work. Through the risk assessment, employers and workers can identify hazards and take appropriate actions to eliminate the hazard or reduce the risks involved. Control measures and safe work procedures must be established, communicated and implemented to ensure the safety and health of the workers. In these cases, one of the key control measures would be to prevent workers from falling while working at height.

2. Establish workplace safety and health management programme and safe work procedures: Employers should establish and implement a safety and health management system with proper control measures and the appropriate safe work procedures. This includes an effective fall protection plan (FPP) for any work that may subject workers to the risk of falling from height. The fall protection plan must be clearly communicated to all levels of personnel, such as through refresher courses or daily toolbox meetings. It is also crucial to ensure that the safe work procedures are adhered to by all sub-contractors to better manage the safety and health of all workers at the workplace.

3. Fall prevention/protection: Work at height must be made safe through fall prevention or protection measures. Examples include installing guard rails that prevent persons from falling over open sides, as well as travel restraint, fall arrest or engineered systems with anchorage points as explained below:

Travel Restraint: A travel restraint system prevents a worker from falling by restricting his body movement into hazardous areas, such as open sides. For such a system, a restraint belt or full body harness is suitable once anchored securely.
Fall Arrest: An individual fall arrest system protects the worker by stopping his fall sp that he does not strike the ground. A full body harness with a self-retracting lifeline or a shock absorber and a lanyard are suitable for fall arrest once anchored securely.
Engineered Systems: Engineered systems such as horizontal lifelines should be installed according to the design by the professional engineer. Deviating from the design can result in the system no functioning as it rightfully should and can result in potentially unsafe conditions for workers.

4. Ensure proper supervision: Employers should ensure that workers adhere to the established safe work procedures, e.g. by ensuring that workers follow the fall protection plan when working at height and disciplining workers who perform unsafe acts and do not comply with the safe work procedures.

A Case of Electric Shock

In a recent incident, a supervisor on night shift duty was installing an electrical device. While performing the job, he did not use the voltage tester nor put on rubber gloves. A short circuit occurred which was followed by a discharge. The supervisor suffered a mild electric shock.

Recommendations:
1. Conduct risk assessment: Before the start of any work, risk assessment must be conducted to identify potential hazards. Appropriate control measures should then be taken to eliminate the hazards or reduce the risks involved. The hazard relevant to this incident was the exposed electrical components that were still “live”.

2. Use of dry rubber insulating mat: Dry rubber insulating mat should be used where there is risk of electrocution. The rubber mat insulates the ground on which the worker stands, reducing the risk of electric current flow through him.

3. Provision of adequate training: All workers should be adequately trained in the identification and control of hazards at the workplace. Specialised electrical safety training must be provided to workers who need to work with or around exposed components of electric circuits. The training should include, but not be limited to, basic electrical theory, proper safe work procedures, hazard awareness, identification and control, proper use of personal protective equipment, proper lockout/ tagout procedures, first aid and rescue procedures. Provisions should also be made for periodic re-training or refresher training.

4. Lockout/ Tagout (LOTO): LOTO procedures should be established and implemented for the inspection, maintenance and repair of any machinery or equipment. All energy sources associated with the machinery or equipment should be isolated, disconnected or discharged to prevent the whole or part thereof of the machinery or equipment from being activated or energised.

5. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Appropriate PPE should be provided and used by workers who are potentially exposed to “live” components. These PPE can include electrical resistance or insulating rubber hand gloves and rubber-soled boots.

2 Workers Fell to their Deaths

At about 1700hrs, two workers fell about 9 storeys from a building while working from the inside of a customised building maintenance gondola. Preliminary investigations revealed that the two men had fallen together with the gondola. They were pronounced dead at the scene by paramedics.

Recommendations*

1. Conduct risk assessment: Proper risk assessment must be carried out by experienced and knowledgeable persons before starting any work. Through the risk assessment, employers and workers can identify hazards and take appropriate actions to eliminate the hazards or reduce the risks involved. Control measures and safe work procedures must be established, communicated and implemented to ensure the safety and health of the workers. In this case, the general condition of the gondola, including the rail and trolley wheels, should be inspected before work is carried out. IN the event of any anomaly while operating the gondola, all work should cease immediately and proper recovery actions should be effected.

2. Establish workplace safety and health management programme: Employers should establish and implement a safety management system with proper control measures and the appropriate safe work procedures. This includes an effective fall protection plan for any works that may subject workers to the risk of falling from height. The safety and health programme must be clearly communicated to all levels of personnel, such as through refresher courses or daily toolbox meetings.

3. Implement fall prevention / protection / arrest system: Works that are carried out at height must be made safe through proper fall prevention or protection measures. This includes ensuring safe access and egress, and barricading or guarding all work areas to prevent falls. Fall arrest, travel restraint and engineered systems with appropriate anchorage points should also be provided:

Travel restraint: A travel restraint system prevents the worker from falling by restricting his movement into hazardous areas, such as open sides. The restraint belt or full body harness must be anchored securely.

Fall Arrest: An individual fall arrest system protects the worker by stopping his fall so that he does not strike the ground. The full body harness with a self-retracting lifeline or a shock absorber and a lanyard must be anchored securely.

Engineered Systems: Engineered systems such as horizontal lifelines should be installed according to the design by a professional engineer. Deviating from the design can result in the system not functioning as it should and can be unsafe.

4. Ensure proper supervision: Employers should ensure that workers adhere to the established safe work procedures, e.g. by ensuring that workers follow the fall protection plan when working at height and disciplining workers who exhibit unsafe acts and do not comply with the safe work procedures

Toppling of Stacked Boom Section in a Crane Maintenance Workshop

A group of workers were dismantling a telescopic boom into its individual sections using an overhead travelling crane. After stacking a dismantled boom on top of another boom section, the Crane Operator began to hoist the chain slings away. As the slings were being hoisted away, the stacked boom toppled onto a nearby worker. He succumbed to his injuries.

Summary of Findings:
Investigation revealed that the incident occurred primarily due to the negligence of Man (Crane Operator and Worker). The Crane Operator did not do his due diligence to ensure that the chain slings were free from entanglement before hoisting away. The worker should have positioned himself in a safe location, away from the lifting zone.

Management also did not establish the necessary safe work procedure for the stacking of boom sections. All these led to the occurrence of this fatal incident.

Ladder Safety

Many fall-from-height incidents involve the use of ladders. To prevent injuries arising from such incidents, this article aims to provide some guidance on the correct and appropriate use of ladders.

When to use a ladder?
As a first step, consider if working at height is necessary. If so, decide whether a ladder is the most appropriate access equipment compared to other options.

In general, ladders should only be used as a means of access to or egress from a work area, or for light work of short duration. If a task involves extended periods of working at height or with restricted movement and vision (e.g. welding), a step platform is a safer alternative as it is more stable and provides a much larger work surface than a step ladder.

Is the ladder safe to use?
Before using a ladder, check that it is safe to use. This would include ensuring that the ladder:

• Has no visible defects
• Is clean from oil, grease, wet paint and other slipping hazards
• Has been maintained and stored in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
• Is suitable for the activity (e.g. in terms of load)
  
  
  How to use the ladder safely?
  The following provides some recommendations on the safe use of ladders:
• Conduct a risk assessment before starting work to identify the hazards. For example, appropriate actions should be taken to prevent falls from height, as well as reduce the consequences of a fall. Control measures and safe work procedures must be established, communicated and implemented to ensure the safety and health of the workers involved.
• Ensure that users are competent and trained to use the ladders safely. Workers should be provided with the appropriate personal protective equipment (e.g. helmet and proper footwear). In some situations, a safety harness, lanyard or lifeline may be necessary. When using such equipment, a proper anchorage point must be available for its proper use.
• Ensure that the ladder is secured firmly in place. Do not site the ladder on loose material or slippery surfaces. Ensure that the ladder is secured at the top using rope or footed at the bottom before usage. An alternative is for another worker to hold the ladder firmly in place while another is climbing. The ladder should not be moved while a worker is standing on it.
• Do not carry tools in hand when climbing a ladder. Use a tool belt instead. Maintain three points of contact when climbing a ladder (two hands and one foot or one hand and two feet).
• Cordon off the work area to prevent the ladders from being struck by vehicles, workers or pedestrians. Check that the ladders will not be pushed over by other hazards such as doors and windows.
• Check the weather and avoid outdoor work in rain or in strong winds.

Collapse of Crane Due to Overloading

In this incident, a mobile crane was deployed to carry out lifting work at a two-storey terrace house. While the Crane Operator was lifting a bag of sand to the designated location at the rear side of the roof, the crane’s Overload Radius Indicator (ORI) alarm sounded. The crane then toppled, and its boom crashed onto the roof of an adjoining house unit. The crane eventually came to rest on its side, with the Crane Operator inside the operator’s cabin. There were no injuries in this incident.

Summary of Findings:
Investigations revealed that when the ORI alarm sounded and the cut-off was activated, the Crane Operator by-passed the cut-off by switching off the Automated Moment Limiter. He continued to lower the boom over the roof. This unsafe behaviour led to the collapse of the crane.

Importance of Maintenance of MEWPs

A number of workers have lost their lives in recent incidents involving the use of mobile elevated work platforms (MEWP). The workers were trapped between components of the boom lift or scissor lift and surrounding structures. Therefore, it is important to ensure the safe and proper operation of MEWP, including checking that the MEWP is functioning and properly maintained. The frequency and type of maintenance and inspections of MEWP will depend on its usage, environmental conditions and the nature of operations.

Pre-Use Checks:
Before work commences, a visual and functional routine checks should be conducted on the MEWP, including checking for:

• lubrication and hydraulic oil levels
• leakages
• structural damages
• malfunction of controls and safety devices
• other functionality checks

Servicing:
Besides the routine pre-use checks, the MEWP must be serviced at stipulated timeframes, such as statutory inspection at least once in 6 months, or in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. A preventive maintenance programme has to be devised by the user or owner based on his risk assessment and previous inspection/maintenance results. All inspections must be recorded and retained for inspection when the need arises.

Workers Fell from Height at Ventilation / Air-Condition Ducting

Two fatal incidents were reported recently; one in the marine and the other in the construction industry. Both workers fell to their death while working at the ventilation / air-condition ducting areas at their respective workplaces.

In the first incident, 2 workers were tasked to cover up a 1.5m (diameter) opening after one section of the ventilation duct was dismantled at the accommodation deck of a vessel. One worker lost his balance and fell into the opening. He landed at the bottom of the ventilation duct which was 14m below the opening (Figure 1).

In the second incident, a worker fell from a height of 8m when he and his co-worker were preparing work platforms for installing air-condition ducting above the false ceiling.The worker was sent to the hospital but succumbed to his injuries on the same day (Figure 2).

Recommendations*

1. Risk assessment: A risk assessment must be carried out by experienced and knowledgeable persons before starting any work. Through the risk assessment, employers and workers can identify hazards and take appropriate actions to eliminate the hazards or reduce the risks involved. Control measures and safe work procedures must be established, communicated and implemented to ensure the safety and health of the workers. In these cases, one of the key control measures would be to prevent workers from falling while working at height.

2. Workplace safety and health management programme: Employers should establish and implement a Safety and Health policy, and safety management system with proper control measures and safe work procedures. This includes a fall protection plan for any works that may involve workers falling from a height. The safety and health programme must be clearly communicated to all levels of personnel, such as through refresher courses or daily toolbox meetings.

3. Fall prevention / protection / arrest system: Work at height must be made safe through fall prevention or protection measures first. This can include safe access and egress where the workplace is adequately barricaded or guarded to prevent falls. Further control measures could be in the fall arrest system. Examples include travel restraint, fall arrest and engineered systems with anchorage points as explained below:

Travel restraint: A travel restraint system prevents the worker from falling by restricting his movement into hazardous areas, such as open sides. For such a system, a restraint belt or a full body harness is suitable once anchored securely.

Fall Arrest: An individual fall arrest system protects the worker by stopping his fall so that he does not strike the ground. A full body harness with a self-retracting lifeline or a shock absorber and a lanyard are suitable for fall arrest once anchored securely.

Engineered Systems: Engineered systems such as horizontal lifelines should be installed according to the design by a professional engineer. Deviating from the design can result in the system not functioning as it rightfully should and can result in potentially unsafe conditions for workers.

4. Ensure proper supervision: Employers should ensure that workers adhere to the established safe work procedures, e.g. by ensuring that workers follow the fall protection plan when working at height and disciplining workers who exhibit unsafe acts and do not comply with the safe work procedures.

Worker Pinned by Toppled Forklift

In this incident, a worker was operating a forklift to transfer a container of plastic bottles. After emptying the container of plastic bottles, he did not lower the metal container. He reversed the forklift with its mast in the extended position. The forklift toppled and fatally injured the worker.
Summary of Findings:
At the time of the accident, the fork of the forklift (including the metal container) was at its highest position, about 4m in height from the ground. The forklift driver did not lower the load nor reduce the speed when he reversed the forklift and made a sharp turn. This destabilised the forklift and caused it to topple.

Working Safely at Height

Working at height is inherently hazardous, with falling from height and being struck by falling objects being the two leading incidents in such work. Unsafe conditions and inadequate attention on working at height may result in fatalities and serious injuries. To ensure that work at height is made safe, some of the measures to be taken include:

1. Conduct risk assessment: To ensure safe operations, thorough risk assessment and careful planning are required before commencement of work. Through the use of effective control measures, it is possible to remove or minimise the hazards of working at height.

2. Implement effective Engineering control methods: Guard rail systems and toe-boards, once properly erected, can effectively prevent persons from accidentally falling over open sides and objects from being knocked over unintentionally.

[1] Guard rails and toe-boards prevent persons from falling and will prevent objects from being dislodged.

[2] A safe means of access and egress must be provided.

3. Use appropriate PPE: The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used in conjunction with other forms of fall prevention or protection, to provide a secondary layer of protection. In instances where other methods of control are not suitable, PPE may be used as a last resort to afford protection to workers.

4. Ensure proper housekeeping: Simple practices such as good housekeeping help to enhance safety for work at height. By keeping the work platforms and surfaces clear of materials and tools, falling objects and slips are prevented.

A good safety standard at work is also good for productivity. The safe workplace would enable the workers to concentrate on doing their work better.

Suffocation from Air-Fed Helmet

In this incident, a technician was deployed to carry out surface preparation work, including bead-blasting, for aircraft components. Less than an hour after he had started work in a bead-blasting chamber, he was found lying unconscious on the floor. He was in his usual protective clothing, and was wearing his air-fed helmet with the air supply still turned on. He was sent to hospital but died due to suffocation from oxygen deficiency.

Summary of Findings:
Investigations revealed that some workers from another unit did not follow their operating instructions. Instead of using nitrogen gas for the control system of an autoclave for their work, they used the common compressed air supply. This caused a back-flow of higher pressured nitrogen gas into the air supply for the technician, reducing the supply of oxygen and leading to his suffocation.

Worker Crushed by Toppled Pipe

In this incident, a worker was using a hand held power tool to grind/polish a welded joint on Pipe A within a pipe bridge. He was working in a 300mm gap between Pipe A and Pipe B, when Pipe B suddenly rolled towards Pipe A. The toppled Pipe B crushed and killed the worker.

Both pipes were about 300mm in diameter and weighed several tonnes. Each pipe was welded with supporting shoes at interval spacing of about 6m and rested on supporting I-beams. At various shoe locations on Pipe B, two brackets were welded to the I-beam to hold the shoe in place, and restrict the lateral movement of the pipe. The shoes were not permanently fixed to the I-beams to allow for longitudinal movements due to thermal expansion and contraction. At some of the shoe locations, timber blocks were also placed between the lateral restraining brackets. As the height of the timber blocks exceeded the height of the brackets, the pipe shoes were resting on the timber blocks and not secured by the brackets.

Recommendations*

1. Conduct risk assessment: Risk assessment must be carried out before starting any work. Through risk assessment, employers and employees can identify potential hazards and take appropriate actions to eliminate or reduce the risks involved. Control measures and safe work procedures must be established, communicated and implemented to ensure the safety and health of the employees involved. Risk assessment should also cover non-routine or emergency situations, so that measures can be planned for such situations. Potential hazards for this incident include:

- Unstable placement of pipes on timber blocks.
- Unsecured pipe that is not braced against toppling.

2. Implement Safety and Health Management System: It is important for the Management to put in place an effective workplace safety and health management programme to guide the establishment of a safety management system and proper work procedures. Some of the elements in a WSH Management Programme include:

- Risk management - As explained, proper risk assessment should be conducted to identify hazards and mitigate risks
- Safe work procedures - Establish safe work procedures for carrying out the task safely. Ensure proper supervision and implementation of the safe work procedures for the task. Supervisors should provide direct and close supervision of the tasks performed by the workers under their charge
- Safety training – All workers should be adequately trained in order for them to perform their work competently. They should also be properly briefed so that they are aware of the safety and health issues.
- Communication of safety and health issues – The safety management plans and work procedures should be clearly communicated to all supervisors and workers (e.g. at the daily toolbox meetings)

2. Secure pipes: Ensure that safety measures are in place. Pipes should be adequately secured, or restrained from uncontrolled movement, e.g. with the use of chain blocks before the start of any work.

3. Ensure effective communication channels: The occupier should put in place a good and effective communication system. This is to ensure that the different contractors are regularly updated and aware of the progress of on-going works and safety issues around the worksite, e.g. checking whether the adjacent pipes have been fully installed before commencing grinding / polishing work.

Worker killed by Toppled Formwork

On the day of the incident, a group of workers was deployed to carry out formwork installation. The formwork was supported by out-riggers and timber props. When a section of the formwork was lifted away, the remaining formwork collapsed and toppled onto a worker. He subsequently died from his injuries.

Recommendations*

1. Conduct risk assessment: Prior to the commencement of work, a risk assessment should be carried out to determine the potential hazards and risks that might arise during the installation of formwork. Control measures and safe work procedures must be established to mitigate the risks, and be communicated and implemented to ensure the safety and health of the workers involved.

2. Secure formwork: The Workplace Safety and Health (Construction) Regulations requires that measures to be taken to ensure the stability of any formwork structure or parts of the formwork structure. All formwork components should be properly tied, footed, braced and supported to prevent toppling whether it is during erection or when it is not in use. Where original out-riggers provided by manufacturers as part of its design is used for bracing of formwork, such props or shores shall not be replaced with other forms of support not designed for or provided by the manufacturer.

3. Cordon off work area: Workers who are not directly involved in the formwork installation should be advised to keep away from the vicinity while formwork structures are being erected, or where there are placement of concrete or lifting of formwork sections. Appropriate measures such as the erection of proper barricades and warning signs, and briefing of workers should be carried out prior to the commencement of work. Workers should also stay away from the lifting zone and from any objects that are planned to be lifted.

4. Ensure supervision: A formwork supervisor should be present to oversee the proper erection of the formwork at site. Where an unsafe condition is discovered by the supervisor, the occupier should be notified immediately to rectify the situation.

Worker Crushed by Steel Frame Structure

A worker was killed when a steel frame structure weighing more than 250kg toppled and crushed him. The worker was reportedly carrying out welding works on the steel frame structure made with square hollow sections when the incident happened. To facilitate welding works, the worker, together with 3 other workers, manually tilted the frame structure to reposition it on its side. As they were doing so, the frame slipped, toppled and struck the worker. The other 3 workers were unhurt.


Recommendations*

1. Conduct risk assessment: Prior to the start of work, conduct a proper risk assessment to identify all potential hazards and the risks involved. Appropriate action must be taken to eliminate the hazards or to mitigate the risks. Some of the hazards relevant to this incident include:

Manual manoeuvring and handling of unsupported heavy structure
Unsafe positioning of workers while manoeuvring the structure
Castor wheels of the structure not equipped with effective locking devices, or the locking devices not properly engaged while work is being carried out.

2. Establish safe work procedures: Appropriate control measures and safe work procedures for welding operations, taking into consideration any manual manoeuvring of the structure, must be established, communicated and implemented to ensure the safety and health of the workers involved. As far as is reasonably practical, eliminate the need for workers to manually handle or re-position heavy objects (e.g. employ the use of proper lifting equipment).

3. Proper lifting and supporting system: Implement a proper system to lift, support and maneuver heavy object through the use of appropriate equipment such as chain block with correct load rating or crane to prevent it from collapsing. Metal forks can also be used to prop up structures, and prevent them from toppling during manual positioning operations (see figures 1 and 2 below).

4. Safe positioning of workers: Workers should position themselves such that they can maintain a firm grip of the object when it is being manoeuvred. This will allow the workers to have continued control and stability when tilting the object during the lowering process. They should also not stand in the path in which the object is being maneuvered, to prevent the object from collapsing onto them.

5. Adequate training and supervision: Workers must be adequately supervised to ensure that assigned tasks are carried out in a safe manner. The responsibilities of supervisors include regular inspections to identify and manage potential hazards at the worksite. For example, for the incident described above, supervisor should ensure that the castor wheels were equipped with the appropriate locking devices and that they are properly engaged prior to moving the structure. The supervisor should also instruct the workers on safe manoeuvring technique for structures with castor wheels. Adequate training of workers is also required to ensure that they can carry out the work properly and safely.

Working in Hot Environment

Workers who are exposed to extreme heat or work in hot environment may be at risk of heat stress. Heat stress can result in heat disorders such as heat stroke, heat exhaustion, or heat cramps. As such, it is important for employers to be able to identify symptoms of heat disorders, and determine the level of thermal stresses that workers are exposed to.